The Araucaria, also known as the Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia), is one of the most emblematic trees of Brazil. Found mainly in the southern region, this majestic conifer not only creates stunning landscapes but also plays a crucial role in the Atlantic Forest ecosystem and local cultural traditions.
Characteristics of the Araucaria
The araucaria can grow up to 50 meters tall and live for hundreds of years. Its trunk is straight and may reach over one meter in diameter. Its branches grow in horizontal whorls, forming the classic “chandelier-shaped crown” that defines the species.
The leaves are rigid, pointed, and evergreen, as this is a perennial tree. The araucaria belongs to the conifer family, which means it produces seeds protected by cones — popularly known as pinhões in Brazil.
Natural Habitat of the Araucaria
The natural habitat of the araucaria is the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, a biome typical of high-altitude regions in the South and Southeast of Brazil, including the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, as well as areas of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.
It thrives at altitudes between 500 and 1,800 meters and prefers cool, humid climates. Therefore, it is commonly found in mountain regions like the Serra da Mantiqueira and the Serra do Mar. Unfortunately, the araucaria’s original distribution has been drastically reduced due to deforestation and logging.
Ecological Importance
The araucaria is a keystone species in its ecosystem. Its seeds, the pinhões, are an essential food source for various animal species, such as the azure jay (Cyanocorax caeruleus), which plays a significant role in seed dispersal by burying the seeds and often forgetting some of them — thus helping the forest regenerate naturally.
Other animals like agoutis, peccaries, armadillos, and even some species of monkeys also feed on pinhões. In addition, the tree’s crown offers shelter for birds and small mammals, while its trunk can host lichens and fungi.
Threats and Conservation
Araucaria angustifolia is listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is estimated that more than 95% of the original araucaria forests have already been destroyed, mainly due to the exploitation of its high-quality wood, which was widely used in construction and furniture making.
Today, cutting down araucarias is prohibited by law, but illegal logging still occurs. Ecosystem recovery depends on public policies, reforestation with native species, and public awareness.
The Pinhão: A Nutritious Treasure
The pinhão, the araucaria seed, is a traditional food in Southern Brazil, especially during autumn and winter. Rich in carbohydrates, fiber, iron, and B-complex vitamins, it is widely used in local cuisine in both sweet and savory dishes.
Its harvesting, however, is regulated: pinhões can only be collected from the ground and sold starting in April, ensuring that native fauna has access to the seeds before human exploitation.
Araucaria in Brazilian Culture
The araucaria is considered the symbol of the state of Paraná, appearing on flags, crests, and names of institutions in the southern region. It is also a frequent figure in Brazilian literature and visual arts, representing strength, resilience, and a deep connection with nature.
Moreover, it is one of the few conifers that thrive in tropical regions, which makes it a subject of interest for botanists and tourists alike.
How to Help Preserve the Araucaria
If you want to help preserve this magnificent tree, here are some simple actions that make a difference:
- Avoid buying illegal timber products;
- Support foods made from sustainably harvested pinhões;
- Participate in reforestation projects with native species;
- Support NGOs and environmental institutions working to protect the Atlantic Forest;
- Educate others about the importance of the araucaria to Brazil’s biodiversity.
Araucaria angustifolia is more than just a tree: it is a living symbol of Brazil’s natural heritage. Its preservation depends on everyone — from governments to environmentally conscious citizens. The more we learn about and value native species, the better we can protect them for future generations.
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